What are hardware security keys?

A hardware security key is a small physical device that provides strong protection for your online accounts. It acts as a second layer of authentication, also known as two-factor authentication (2FA), to verify your identity when logging into your online account.

While using strong passwords and authentication apps can improve your online security, hardware-based authentication offers the highest level of protection. It helps prevent phishing attacks, data theft and unauthorized access.

Introduction to security keys

Security keys are small physical devices that provide an additional layer of protection for online accounts. They are used as a form of multi-factor authentication (MFA), which requires a user to provide two or more verification factors to access an account. Security keys are considered one of the strongest forms of security, as they are resistant to phishing attacks and cannot be easily compromised. By using a security key, users can add an extra layer of security to their online accounts, making it more difficult for unauthorized users to gain access.

Why use a hardware security key?

Hardware security keys offer stronger protection than traditional 2FA methods such as SMS codes or authenticator apps. When you use a hardware key, you physically confirm your identity by plugging in the device or tapping it via NFC or Bluetooth.

Even with your password, an attacker won't be able to access your account unless they also have your physical security key.

Hardware security keys are easy to use and compatible with many services. You do not need to be a technical expert to set one up. Some models are small enough to fit on your keychain, making them convenient for daily use.

How does a hardware security key work?

Security keys are based on an open standard called FIDO U2F, developed by Google and Yubico. When logging into a supported service, you enter your password as usual. Then, instead of typing a code, you plug in your key or tap it on your device to confirm your identity.

The security key contains a unique cryptographic signature that security keys require to communicate directly with the server. This ensures that only you can access your account, even if someone tries to trick you with a fake login page.

This form of physical two-factor authentication is currently the most secure method available for protecting your accounts online.

Where can you use a hardware security key?

Many large online services support hardware security keys, including:

Google (Gmail, Google Workspace)
Microsoft (Outlook, Azure)
Facebook
GitHub
Dropbox
Twitter
1Password

These keys work best with browsers that support WebAuthn, such as Google Chrome, Firefox and Microsoft Edge.

Some keys also support Bluetooth and NFC, making them compatible with mobile devices such as Android phones and iPhones.

Benefits of Hardware Security Keys

Hardware security keys offer several key advantages:

Strong protection against phishing and spoofed websites
No passwords or codes to remember or enter manually
Works without internet access, since it connects directly to your device
No personal data is stored on the key

Additionally, having backup codes can provide an alternative means of access if the security key is lost or misplaced.

This makes them ideal for securing high-value or sensitive accounts, such as those related to banking, email, cloud storage and business platforms.

Want to understand the difference between hardware and software tokens? Dive into why hardware tokens offer enhanced protection against cyber threats.

Protecting against phishing attacks

Phishing attacks are a common type of cyber attack where an attacker attempts to trick a user into providing sensitive information, such as a password or credit card number. Security keys are an effective way to protect against phishing attacks, as they require a physical device to be present in order to authenticate. This makes it difficult for attackers to use phishing tactics to gain access to an account, as they will not be able to authenticate without the physical security key. By using a security key, users can add an extra layer of protection against phishing attacks and help to keep their online accounts secure.

Learn more about how phishing works and how to defend against it.

Form factors and compatibility

Security keys come in a variety of form factors, including USB-A, USB-C, and NFC. This allows users to choose a security key that is compatible with their devices and systems. For example, a user with a USB-C laptop may prefer a security key with a USB-C connector, while a user with an NFC-enabled smartphone may prefer a security key with NFC capabilities. Some security keys also support multiple form factors, such as a security key with both USB-A and USB-C connectors. By choosing a security key that is compatible with their devices and systems, users can ensure that they can use their security key to authenticate and protect their online accounts.

Disadvantages to consider

Despite their advantages, hardware security keys also come with a few drawbacks:

If your security key is lost and you do not have a backup method registered, you may be locked out of your account. Some services allow you to register a backup key or provide recovery options, but not all platforms support multiple keys.

In addition, not all websites currently support hardware-based 2FA. Many still rely on SMS or email-based verification, so the use of your key may be limited to the most popular services.

Who should use a hardware security key?

Anyone who wants to improve their online security can benefit from using a hardware key. It is especially recommended for people who:

Use public Wi-Fi networks regularly
Handle sensitive or confidential information online
Work in IT, cybersecurity or journalism
Want stronger protection for email, banking or cloud accounts

Using a hardware security key can significantly reduce the risk of account takeovers by adding an extra layer of security.

A hardware security key is a smart investment if you want peace of mind knowing your information is secure, even if your password is compromised.

Recommended hardware security keys

There are many models available on the market. Some of the most popular and reliable options include:

YubiKey 5 NFC (USB-A with NFC support)
YubiKey 5C Nano (USB-C for mobile and laptops)
YubiKey 5 Nano (USB-A)
YubiKey 5C (USB-C)
Google Titan Security Key (available with USB-A and Bluetooth)
Thetis FIDO U2F Key (USB-A)
Thetis BLE (USB-A with Bluetooth)

Choose a model that fits your devices and needs. It’s often a good idea to buy a second key as a backup if your preferred service allows multiple keys. Make sure to choose the latest version of the security key to benefit from the most recent security features and updates.

Final thoughts

Hardware security keys provide the strongest form of online protection by requiring physical presence to log in. They are easy to use, compatible with many services, and offer unmatched protection compared to other authentication methods against phishing and data theft.

Whether you are securing personal accounts or protecting sensitive business information, a hardware security key can significantly reduce your risk of cyberattacks.

If you want to take control of your digital security, consider adding a hardware key to your authentication setup.